Resilience refers to a policy and development framework that emphasizes the ability of individuals, communities, and systems to withstand, adapt to, and recover from shocks such as economic crises, climate disasters, conflict, or public-health emergencies.

In practice, resilience-based approaches often focus on: coping mechanisms and adaptability, risk management and preparedness, community self-reliance , minimizing disruption rather than preventing underlying causes

Resilience is frequently used by governments, international organizations, NGOs, and donors when discussing responses to long-term or recurring crises.

“Downstream repression” refers to foreseeable human-rights harms — such as unlawful surveillance, censorship, or targeting of dissidents — that are enabled by the deployment of a company’s technology after sale, even if the company does not directly operate the system